Acute Care POCUS: Lung & Diaphragm Ultrasound
Lung and diaphragm point-of-care ultrasound is an established, evidence-supported bedside assessment for ICU/acute-care physiotherapists and respiratory therapists, with substantial interrater reliability and demonstrated influence on respiratory-physiotherapy decisions (atelectasis vs effusion vs consolidation, airway-clearance targeting, mobilization safety, ventilator weaning readiness).
The accurate credential path is a focused POCUS Certificate/Certification track (e.g., Inteleos POCUS Certification Academy Lung and Critical Care offerings) layered on POCUS Fundamentals; distinct from the outpatient RMSK pathway.
In acute care, US findings directly change PT/RT decisions; distinguishing recruitable atelectasis from effusion/consolidation, targeting airway clearance, and informing weaning readiness via diaphragm thickening fraction. Direct PT-attributable outcome trials remain limited, capping the score below elite.
Highly applicable to the ICU/acute cardiopulmonary PT and RT caseload (ventilated, post-op, ARDS, difficult-to-wean), but near-zero relevance to general outpatient PT; high within its niche, narrow overall.
PTs/RTs generally cannot bill diagnostic ultrasound; value is realized as bedside decision support within salaried hospital roles, not as a billable procedure.
A rapid bedside scan can triage chest radiographs/CT, accelerate identification of treatable pathology, and avoid unsafe interventions; strong workflow efficiency once competency is achieved.
Real and growing in ICU/respiratory teams, but adoption is still early (surveys show ~30% of ICU therapists use lung US) and gated by training access and governance.
Patients are typically critically ill/ventilated, so patient-perceived satisfaction is a minor factor; benefits accrue through safety and care quality.
A hospital/inpatient competency, not a cash-pay outpatient service line; there is no direct consumer-pay model.
Limited ability to attach a premium price; value is captured by the employing institution and care team, not by the individual clinician.
Within acute-care/cardiopulmonary PT/RT it is a strong differentiator; few clinicians hold validated lung/diaphragm POCUS competency, making the holder distinctive in hiring.
Minimal practice-owner leverage; this is an employed-clinician skill in institutional settings, not a scalable private-practice revenue engine.
Hospitals and ICU teams increasingly value bedside US competency, but it is one competency among many and not yet a hiring requirement.
Once trained, the clinician adds diagnostic value with no added equipment cost on units that already own ultrasound.
A credentialed cardiopulmonary/acute-care POCUS skill set carries real academic credibility in DPT and RT programs with cardiopulmonary tracks.
Lung and diaphragm US is an active, publishable scholarship area (reliability, decision-impact, education/competency frameworks).
Highly teachable with clear image-acquisition, scoring (LUS score), and interpretation competencies; integrates into acute-care curricula and simulation labs.
The underlying evidence base (BLUE protocol, diaphragm thickening fraction for weaning, LUS reliability) is deep and well-cited.
Programs need some faculty with this competency to teach modern acute-care assessment, but it is not yet a widespread hiring criterion.
Builds on existing cardiopulmonary teaching infrastructure and shared ultrasound equipment; a relatively efficient curricular addition.
Supports rigorous designs; diagnostic accuracy vs CXR/CT, interrater-reliability studies, and treatment-effect monitoring.
Robust, expanding literature in high-impact journals (Chest, AJRCCM, Intensive Care Medicine, Australian Critical Care).
Fundable within weaning, ICU-acquired weakness, and rehab-outcome research, though PT/RT-led US is rarely the standalone funded aim.
A credible niche for an early-career researcher, but the field is competitive and physician/critical-care-led.
Excellent; intrinsically collaborative across intensivists, RTs, PTs, and nursing, aligning with weaning and mobilization research.
Bedside, repeatable, radiation-free measurements enable longitudinal data capture at modest incremental cost.
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- 01DOI ↗Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocolLichtenstein DA, Mezière GA · Chest · 2008The bedside BLUE protocol diagnosed the cause of acute respiratory failure with ~90.5% accuracy, establishing the standardized sonographic signs used across acute-care lung US.Cross-sectionaldoi:10.1378/chest.07-2800
- 02DOI ↗Ultrasound for 'lung monitoring' of ventilated patientsBouhemad B, Mongodi S, Via G, Rouquette I · Anesthesiology · 2015Describes the lung ultrasound score (LUS) and its use to monitor aeration changes in ventilated patients, including response to recruitment and physiotherapy.Narrative reviewdoi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000558
- 03DOI ↗Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysisChavez MA, Shams N, Ellington LE, et al. · Respiratory Research · 2014Pooled lung ultrasound sensitivity ~0.94 and specificity ~0.96 for pneumonia, outperforming chest radiography for bedside detection of consolidation.Meta-analysisdoi:10.1186/1465-9921-15-50
- 04DOI ↗Diaphragm ultrasound as a predictor of successful extubation from mechanical ventilationDiNino E, Gartman EJ, Sethi JM, McCool FD · Thorax · 2014A diaphragm thickening fraction ≥30% predicted extubation success with 88% sensitivity and 71% specificity, validating bedside diaphragm US as a weaning-readiness tool.Cohort studydoi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204111
- 05DOI ↗Evolution of diaphragm thickness during mechanical ventilation: impact of inspiratory effortGoligher EC, Laghi F, Detsky ME, et al. · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · 2015Diaphragm thickness fell >10% in ~44% of ventilated patients within days, driven by low inspiratory effort; establishing serial diaphragm US for monitoring ventilator-induced changes.Cohort studydoi:10.1164/rccm.201503-0620OC
- 06DOI ↗Mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragm atrophy strongly impacts clinical outcomesGoligher EC, Dres M, Fan E, et al. · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · 2018Ultrasound-detected diaphragm atrophy during ventilation was associated with prolonged ventilation and complications, directly relevant to PT/RT diaphragm-protective and weaning strategies.Cohort studydoi:10.1164/rccm.201703-0536OC
- 07DOI ↗Critical illness-associated diaphragm weaknessDres M, Goligher EC, Heunks LMA, Brochard LJ · Intensive Care Medicine · 2017Reviews the high prevalence of diaphragm weakness in critically ill patients and its link to difficult weaning, framing the clinical need for diaphragm US.Narrative reviewdoi:10.1007/s00134-017-4928-4
- 08DOI ↗Lung ultrasound in the critically illLichtenstein DA · Annals of Intensive Care · 2014Comprehensive review of lung US signs and protocols in the ICU, detailing how sonographic patterns differentiate interstitial syndrome, consolidation, effusion, and pneumothorax.Narrative reviewdoi:10.1186/2110-5820-4-1
- 09DOI ↗Interrater reliability in assigning a lung ultrasound scoreHansell L, Milross M, Delaney A, Tian DH, Ntoumenopoulos G · Australian Critical Care · 2023Demonstrated substantial interrater reliability among assessors assigning the lung ultrasound aeration score in ventilated ICU patients, supporting reproducible scoring by trained therapists.Cross-sectionaldoi:10.1016/j.aucc.2022.10.008
- 10DOI ↗Quantification of changes in lung aeration associated with physiotherapy using lung ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective cohort studyHansell L, Milross M, Delaney A, Koo CM, Tian DH, Ntoumenopoulos G · Physiotherapy · 2023Lung ultrasound detected measurable changes in lung aeration associated with respiratory physiotherapy in ventilated ICU patients, supporting LUS as an outcome measure for PT interventions.Cohort studydoi:10.1016/j.physio.2022.11.001
- 11DOI ↗The use of diaphragm and lung ultrasound in acute respiratory physiotherapy practice and the impact on clinical decision-making: a systematic review and meta-analysisLockstone J, Love A, Lau YH, Hansell L, Ntoumenopoulos G · Australian Critical Care · 2024Synthesizes evidence that diaphragm and lung ultrasound influence respiratory physiotherapists' decision-making and can evaluate treatment effects, while noting the evidence base is still developing.Meta-analysisdoi:10.1016/j.aucc.2023.10.001
- 12DOI ↗An international survey exploring the adoption and utility of diagnostic lung ultrasound by physiotherapists and respiratory therapists in intensive careLau YH, Hayward S, Ntoumenopoulos G · Journal of the Intensive Care Society · 2023Survey of 320 ICU therapists across 30 countries found ~30% use lung US clinically; key barriers were training access, mentorship, and governance; defining the credential/training gap.Cross-sectionaldoi:10.1177/17511437221148920
- 13DOI ↗A proposed framework for point of care lung ultrasound by respiratory physiotherapists: scope of practice, education and governanceSmith M, Hayward S, Innes S · The Ultrasound Journal · 2022Proposes a scope-of-practice, education, and governance framework enabling respiratory physiotherapists to safely perform point-of-care lung ultrasound; the most direct PT scope anchor for this credential.Clinical guidelinedoi:10.1186/s13089-022-00266-6
- 14DOI ↗Lung point of care ultrasound (POCUS) in cardiorespiratory physiotherapy and respiratory therapy practices: current status and future directionsNtoumenopoulos G, Pizimolas GA, Mani S, Hayward S, Lockstone J · POCUS Journal · 2024Outlines the current state and future directions of lung POCUS within cardiorespiratory physiotherapy and respiratory therapy, including training, governance, and integration needs.Narrative reviewdoi:10.24908/pocus.v9i2.17854
- 15DOI ↗Nuts and bolts of lung ultrasound: utility, scanning techniques, protocols, and findings in common pathologiesM. Beshara; E. A. Bittner; A. Goffi; L. Berra; M. G. Chang · Crit Care · 2024Narrative reviewdoi:10.1186/s13054-024-05102-y
- 16DOI ↗Guidelines for the use of lung ultrasound to optimise the management of neonatal respiratory distress: international expert consensusJ. Liu; R. Inchingolo; P. Suryawanshi; B. B. Guo; D. Kurepa; R. G. Cortés; W. Yan; J. H. Chi; C. M. Acosta; M. Jagła; D. Sharma; E. Sorantin; K. S. Hsieh; G. Graziani; B. Malta; P. Woods; Q. Meng; C. M. You; P. Kruczek; M. Kneyber; N. Buda; A. Smargiassi; J. Lovrenski; X. L. Ren; Y. L. Guo; R. X. Qiu; A. Razak; F. Feletti · BMC Med · 2025Clinical guidelinedoi:10.1186/s12916-025-03879-5
- 17DOI ↗Artificial Intelligence-Guided Lung Ultrasound by NonexpertsC. Baloescu; J. Bailitz; B. Cheema; R. Agarwala; M. Jankowski; O. Eke; R. Liu; J. Nomura; L. Stolz; L. Gargani; E. Alkan; T. Wellman; N. Parajuli; A. Marra; Y. Thomas; D. Patel; E. Schraft; J. O'Brien; C. L. Moore; M. Gottlieb · JAMA Cardiol · 2025doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2024.4991
- 18DOI ↗EXpert consensus On Diaphragm UltraSonography in the critically ill (EXODUS): a Delphi consensus statement on the measurement of diaphragm ultrasound-derived parameters in a critical care settingM. E. Haaksma; J. M. Smit; A. Boussuges; A. Demoule; M. Dres; G. Ferrari; P. Formenti; E. C. Goligher; L. Heunks; E. H. T. Lim; L. B. Mokkink; E. Soilemezi; Z. Shi; M. Umbrello; L. Vetrugno; E. Vivier; L. Xu; M. Zambon; P. R. Tuinman · Crit Care · 2022Clinical guidelinedoi:10.1186/s13054-022-03975-5
- 19DOI ↗Lung Ultrasound Training for Respiratory TherapistsL. Luo; T. Weiss; A. D. Zorce; S. Mirza; J. Rintz; X. Chen; J. Li · Respir Care · 2025doi:10.1089/respcare.12291
- 20DOI ↗International evidence-based guidelines on Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) for critically ill neonates and children issued by the POCUS Working Group of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC)Y. Singh; C. Tissot; M. V. Fraga; N. Yousef; R. G. Cortes; J. Lopez; J. Sanchez-de-Toledo; J. Brierley; J. M. Colunga; D. Raffaj; E. Da Cruz; P. Durand; P. Kenderessy; H. J. Lang; A. Nishisaki; M. C. Kneyber; P. Tissieres; T. W. Conlon; D. De Luca · Crit Care · 2020Clinical guidelinedoi:10.1186/s13054-020-2787-9
- 21DOI ↗Lung ultrasound for critical care physiotherapists: a narrative reviewM. Leech; B. Bissett; M. Kot; G. Ntoumenopoulos · Physiother Res Int · 2015Narrative reviewdoi:10.1002/pri.1607
- 22DOI ↗Recommendations for Lung Ultrasound in Internal MedicineN. Buda; W. Kosiak; M. Wełnicki; A. Skoczylas; R. Olszewski; J. Piotrkowski; S. Skoczyński; E. Radzikowska; E. Jassem; E. M. Grabczak; P. Kwaśniewicz; G. Mathis; T. P. Toma · Diagnostics (Basel) · 2020Clinical guidelinedoi:10.3390/diagnostics10080597
- 23DOI ↗Use of thoracic ultrasound by physiotherapists: a scoping review of the literatureS. A. Hayward; J. Janssen · Physiotherapy · 2018Systematic reviewdoi:10.1016/j.physio.2018.01.001
- 24DOI ↗Lung Ultrasound Findings and Algorithms to Detect Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Diagnostic Testing Meta-AnalysisE. M. H. Padrao; B. Caldeira Antonio; T. A. Gardner; I. A. Miyawaki; C. Gomes; J. E. Riceto Loyola Junior; M. Daibes Rachid de Andrade; I. Reis Marques; I. Azevedo Ferreira de Souza; C. Hellen Azevedo da Silva; V. Caporal Salles Moreira; B. Pablo Bustos; A. Barreto do Amaral Neto; J. Rubin · Crit Care Med · 2025Meta-analysisdoi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000006818
- 25DOI ↗Thoracic Ultrasound in Others Scenarios: An Expanding ToolB. Romero-Romero; M. Botana-Rial; R. Martínez; T. Elias-Hernandez; R. M. Rodrigues-Gómez; M. M. Valdivia · Open Respir Arch · 2024Narrative reviewdoi:10.1016/j.opresp.2025.100420
- 26DOI ↗Diagnostic accuracy of rapid shallow breathing index based on diaphragm ultrasound predicting successful weaning from mechanical ventilation: A systematic review and meta-analysisD. Xie; H. Xu; F. Wang; W. Wen; B. Dong · Intensive Crit Care Nurs · 2025Meta-analysisdoi:10.1016/j.iccn.2025.104038
- 27DOI ↗Physiotherapy-led lung ultrasound in neonatal extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: A case-studyE. Shkurka; W. Nolan · Perfusion · 2023doi:10.1177/02676591221094410
- 28DOI ↗Diagnostic Accuracy of Lung Ultrasound for Pneumonia in Acutely and Critically Ill Neonates, Children, and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisC. Guitart; J. Becerra; S. Bobillo-Perez; J. L. Carrasco; G. Peon; M. Balaguer; I. Jordan · Diagnostics (Basel) · 2025Meta-analysisdoi:10.3390/diagnostics15243122
- 29DOI ↗Perception, Challenges, and Barriers of Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound Among Respiratory Therapist in the United StatesK. Ireland; N. Daher; M. Terry; D. López; P. Casillas; L. D. Tan; A. Alismail · CHEST Pulm · 2024Cross-sectionaldoi:10.1016/j.chpulm.2023.100029
- 30DOI ↗Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasound for community-acquired pneumonia in children in ambulatory settings: A systematic review and meta-analysisH. Hughes-Davies; U. Ukwatte; T. R. Fanshawe; N. Roberts; P. J. Turner; G. N. Hayward; C. Bird · Ultrasound · 2025Meta-analysisdoi:10.1177/1742271X241289726
- 31DOI ↗Lung ultrasound in respiratory therapy: a global reflective surveyC. S. Mathew; E. Dias; J. Kalathikudiyil Sreedharan; M. Al Ahmari; L. Trujillo; A. West; M. Karthika · Multidiscip Respir Med · 2024Cross-sectionaldoi:10.5826/mrm.2024.980
- 32DOI ↗Systematic review and meta-analysis of the accuracy of lung ultrasound and chest radiography in diagnosing community acquired pneumonia in childrenC. Shi; X. Xu; Y. Xu · Pediatr Pulmonol · 2024Meta-analysisdoi:10.1002/ppul.27221
- 33DOI ↗Diaphragm dysfunction after severe COVID-19: An ultrasound studyA. Boussuges; P. Habert; G. Chaumet; R. Rouibah; L. Delorme; A. Menard; M. Million; A. Bartoli; E. Guedj; M. Gouitaa; L. Zieleskiewicz; J. Finance; B. Coiffard; S. Delliaux; F. Brégeon · Front Med (Lausanne) · 2022doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.949281
- 34DOI ↗Effectiveness of diaphragmatic ultrasound as a predictor of successful weaning from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysisH. M. Parada-Gereda; A. L. Tibaduiza; A. Rico-Mendoza; D. Molano-Franco; V. H. Nieto; W. A. Arias-Ortiz; P. Perez-Terán; J. R. Masclans · Crit Care · 2023Meta-analysisdoi:10.1186/s13054-023-04430-9
- 35DOI ↗Lung Ultrasound: The Emerging Role of Respiratory TherapistsM. Karthika; D. Wong; S. G. Nair; L. V. Pillai; C. S. Mathew · Respir Care · 2019Narrative reviewdoi:10.4187/respcare.06179
- 36DOI ↗Diaphragm ultrasound to predict weaning outcome: systematic review and meta-analysisA. Mahmoodpoor; S. Fouladi; A. Ramouz; K. Shadvar; Z. Ostadi; H. Soleimanpour · Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther · 2022Meta-analysisdoi:10.5114/ait.2022.117273
- 37DOI ↗Lung ultrasound: a narrative review and proposed protocol for patients admitted to Cardiac Rehabilitation UnitD. T. Bertolone; C. De Colle; F. Rozza; I. Fucile; C. Santoro; M. Conte; N. De Luca; C. Mancusi · Monaldi Arch Chest Dis · 2021Study protocoldoi:10.4081/monaldi.2021.1753
- 38DOI ↗Point-of-care ultrasound training for respiratory therapists: A scoping reviewC. Kappel; D. Chaudhuri; K. Hassall; S. Theune; S. Sharif; W. Alhazzani; K. Lewis · Can J Respir Ther · 2022Systematic reviewdoi:10.29390/cjrt-2021-065